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The pipe organ (also known as church organ or chapel organ) is a musical instrument that produces sound by driving pressurized air (called ''wind'') through pipes selected via a keyboard. Because each organ pipe produces a single pitch, the pipes are provided in sets called ''ranks'', each of which has a common timbre and volume throughout the keyboard compass. Most organs have multiple ranks of pipes of differing timbre, pitch and volume that the player can employ singly or in combination through the use of controls called stops. A pipe organ has one or more keyboards (called ''manuals'') played by the hands, and a pedalboard played by the feet, each of which has its own group of stops. The keyboard(s), pedalboard, and stops are housed in the organ's ''console''. The organ's continuous supply of wind allows it to sustain notes for as long as the corresponding keys are depressed, unlike the piano and harpsichord whose sound begins to decay immediately after attack. The smallest portable pipe organs may have only one or two dozen pipes and one manual; the largest may have over 20,000 pipes and seven manuals.〔Willey, David (2001). "(The World's Largest Organs )". Retrieved on 2008-03-03.〕 A list of some of the most notable and largest pipe organs in the world can be viewed at List of pipe organs. The origins of the pipe organ can be traced back to the water organ in Ancient Greece in the 3rd century BC,〔Randel "Organ", 583.〕 in which the wind supply was created with water pressure. By the 6th or 7th century AD, bellows were used to supply organs with wind.〔 Beginning in the 12th century, the organ began to evolve into a complex instrument capable of producing different timbres. A pipe organ with "great leaden pipes" was sent to the West by the Byzantine emperor Constantine V as a gift to Pepin the Short King of the Franks in 757. Pepin's son Charlemagne requested a similar organ for his chapel in Aachen in 812, beginning its establishment in Western church music.〔Douglas Bush and Richard Kassel eds., ("The Organ, an Encyclopedia." ) Routledge. 2006. p. 327.〕 By the 17th century, most of the sounds available on the modern classical organ had been developed.〔Randel "Organ", 584–585.〕 From that time, the pipe organ was the most complex man-made device,〔Michael Woods, ("Strange ills afflict pipe organs of Europe". ) ''Post-Gazette'', April 26, 2005. 〕 a distinction it retained until it was displaced by the telephone exchange in the late 19th century.〔N. Pippenger, "Complexity Theory", ''Scientific American'', 239:90-100 (1978).〕 Pipe organs are installed in churches, synagogues, concert halls, schools, and other public buildings and are used for the performance of classical music, sacred music, secular music and popular music. In the early 20th century, pipe organs were installed in theaters to accompany films during the silent movie era, in municipal auditoria, where orchestral transcriptions were popular, and in the homes of the wealthy, equipped with player mechanisms. The beginning of the 21st century has seen a resurgence in installations in concert halls. The organ boasts a substantial repertoire, which spans over 500 years.〔Thomas, Steve, 2003. (Pipe organs 101: an introduction to pipe organ basics ). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.〕 ==Construction== A pipe organ contains one or more sets of pipes, a wind system, and one or more keyboards. The pipes produce sound when pressurized air produced by the wind system passes through them. An action connects the keyboards to the pipes. Stops allow the organist to control which ranks of pipes sound at a given time. The organist operates the stops and the keyboards from the console. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pipe organ」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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